What We Examine

Every digital document carries embedded metadata: creation date, last modified date, author name, software version, revision history, and more. This data is not visible in the printed or exported document — but it is always there, and it rarely lies.

Metadata analysis examines this hidden layer to establish document authenticity. We identify whether a document was created when it claims to have been, whether it has been revised after the fact, and whether the authorship information is consistent with the claimed origin.

In litigation, metadata analysis has exposed backdated contracts, revealed undisclosed revisions to medical records, and identified documents fabricated entirely after the events they purport to document.

Timestamp fraud is among the most common and consequential forms of document manipulation. A contract backdated by six months. A medical note entered three days after the patient encounter it purports to document. A government record stamped with a service date that never occurred.

We analyze timestamps across multiple layers — file system data, document metadata, server logs where available, and internal document structure — to establish a reliable timeline of when a document was created, modified, and finalized.

Our findings identify discrepancies between claimed dates and forensic evidence, and we produce reports suitable for use in depositions, motions, and trial.

Billing fraud in medical, legal, and institutional contexts follows recognizable patterns: phantom procedures billed but never performed, duplicate charges across billing cycles, altered line items, and billing codes inconsistent with the underlying documentation.

We examine billing records against source documentation — clinical notes, operative reports, service logs, and fee agreements — to identify inconsistencies that indicate fraud, error, or manipulation. Our analysis is systematic and produces findings that can be presented to insurers, regulators, or courts.

For attorneys, billing record analysis provides the evidentiary foundation for fraud claims. For organizations, it identifies exposure before litigation begins.

Most forensic document work happens after harm has occurred — after a lease is signed, a contract is executed, a settlement is accepted. Pre-execution review inverts that model. We examine documents before you act on them, identifying illegal clauses, unconscionable provisions, and terms that violate applicable law while you still have leverage to negotiate, refuse, or walk away.

Landlords, employers, lenders, and institutions routinely include provisions in standard-looking documents that are unenforceable, illegal, or designed to waive rights the signing party does not realize they have. These provisions are often buried in dense boilerplate, formatted to discourage careful reading, and presented as non-negotiable. They are not always non-negotiable — and they are not always legal.

When a party questions those terms and faces a retaliatory response — a canceled approval, a sudden denial, an adverse action notice — we document that pattern as well. The forensic record of what was in the document, when it was questioned, and what happened next is often the foundation of a viable legal claim.

The most valuable forensic work often happens before a case is filed. Pre-litigation document intelligence gives attorneys and their clients a clear picture of the documentary record — its strengths, its vulnerabilities, and the forensic findings that will shape the litigation.

We conduct early case assessments of the available documents, identifying inconsistencies, authentication issues, and metadata anomalies that may become central to the case. Our findings inform pleading strategy, discovery requests, and settlement positioning.

For clients who suspect fraud but are uncertain whether the evidence supports a claim, pre-litigation intelligence provides the factual foundation to make that determination before committing to litigation.

Medical records are among the most frequently manipulated documents in litigation. Entries are added after the fact, diagnoses are altered, and billing codes are applied to procedures that were never performed. The manipulation is often subtle — but forensic examination makes it visible.

We examine clinical and hospital records for altered entries, missing documentation, metadata anomalies, and billing inconsistencies. Our analysis covers electronic health records, paper records that have been scanned and digitized, and hybrid documentation systems.

Medical record forensic review supports personal injury litigation, medical malpractice claims, insurance fraud investigations, and regulatory proceedings.

Contracts, policies, and institutional records often contain provisions that are illegal, unenforceable, or designed to obscure liability. Forensic audit examines these documents for both integrity — whether they have been altered — and content — whether what they say is lawful.

We review contracts, institutional policies, employee handbooks, service agreements, and regulatory filings for provisions that violate applicable law, contradict representations made during negotiation, or were inserted after execution.

Our findings support breach of contract claims, regulatory complaints, and employment disputes where the documentary record is central to the case.

Lease and property documents are frequently altered after execution, backdated to create false timelines, or drafted with provisions that violate local tenant protection law. Forensic audit examines the document record to establish what was agreed to, when, and whether the document presented in dispute matches the document that was signed.

We review lease agreements, addenda, notices, and correspondence for metadata anomalies, altered terms, and provisions that violate applicable housing law. Our analysis covers both the integrity of the documents and the legality of their contents.

Lease forensic review supports eviction defense, fair housing complaints, habitability disputes, and retaliatory adverse action claims.